GHRP-2 vs Ipamorelin: A Growth Hormone Secretagogue Comparison
GHRP-2 and ipamorelin both hit GHS-R1a, but the published data split them on cortisol and ACTH. What the primary papers actually measured,...
Peptide research library
Plain-language summaries of published peptide research, written for laboratory researchers. Every compound we stock is third-party tested, and the certificates are public.
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Third-Party Tested Peptides: How Purity Testing Actually WorksWhat a third-party tested peptide really means: how HPLC and mass spectrometry work, why purity is...Read
Peptides and Polypeptides: Structure, Synthesis and CharacterizationWhat peptides and polypeptides are, how the amide bond shapes them, how solid phase synthesis builds...Read
GHRH vs GHRP: Understanding Their Roles in Growth Hormone ReleaseGHRH and GHRP act on two different receptors with two different second messengers. Their mechanisms, history,...Read
All research articles
42 articlesBPC-157 and TB-500: A Research Overview of Two Peptides
BPC-157 and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4) are unrelated peptides that meet at the cytoskeleton. Their structure, mechanism, and what specific studies measured.
Neuropeptides: What They Are and How They Were Identified
What makes a peptide a neuropeptide, how enkephalin, oxytocin, orexin and ghrelin were identified, and how to read the primary literature on...
IGF-1 LR3 vs IGF-1 DES: Structural and Pharmacokinetic Differences
IGF-1 LR3 and IGF-1 DES compared on sequence, IGF binding protein affinity, receptor binding and plasma clearance, with figures from the primary...
IGF-1 LR3: Structure and Binding-Protein Biology
IGF-1 LR3 explained: the Long Arg3 modifications, reduced IGF binding protein affinity, molecular weight, and how it differs from native IGF-I and...
BPC-157: What the Published Research Shows
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide studied mostly in rodents. A grounded look at its sequence, mechanism, pharmacokinetics and evidence quality.
Peptides and Polypeptides: Structure, Synthesis and Characterization
What peptides and polypeptides are, how the amide bond shapes them, how solid phase synthesis builds them, and how HPLC and mass...
GHRH vs GHRP: Understanding Their Roles in Growth Hormone Release
GHRH and GHRP act on two different receptors with two different second messengers. Their mechanisms, history, selectivity, and why labs study them...
Sermorelin vs CJC-1295: A Research Compound Comparison
Sermorelin and CJC-1295 share the GRF(1-29) backbone and one receptor. The only real difference is plasma persistence, driven by one albumin-binding modification.
Oral Peptide Delivery: Overcoming Absorption Barriers
Why swallowed peptides reach about 1 percent bioavailability, how SNAC and sodium caprate differ, and which oral formulations actually made it through.
Gonadorelin vs hCG: A Research Compound Comparison
Gonadorelin vs hCG compared at the molecular level: what each is, which receptor it binds, how fast it clears, and why gonadorelin...
Selank and Semax: A Structural and Experimental Comparison
Selank is a tuftsin analogue, Semax an ACTH(4-10) analogue. Sequences, the shared Pro-Gly-Pro motif, and what the published rodent and human studies...
Peptides in Dermal Fibroblast and Keratinocyte Models
Matrikines, melanocortins and antimicrobial peptides studied in fibroblast and keratinocyte culture, with concentration data and the stratum corneum limit.
Ipamorelin: Receptor Pharmacology and Published Measurements
Ipamorelin is a pentapeptide agonist at GHS-R1a. Sequence, EC50 and ED50 values, selectivity data and human pharmacokinetics, with primary sources.
GH Peptides and HGH: Different Receptors, Different Pharmacology
GH peptides act on two pituitary GPCRs; recombinant HGH binds the growth hormone receptor directly. Receptor pharmacology and half-life data, with sources.
Tesamorelin: Published Research on a GHRH Analogue
Tesamorelin is a GHRH analogue with a trans-3-hexenoyl cap on Tyr1. What the primary literature reports about its receptor, stability and measured...
Third-Party Tested Peptides: How Purity Testing Actually Works
What a third-party tested peptide really means: how HPLC and mass spectrometry work, why purity is not peptide content, and how to...
Selank: Sequence, Published Studies and What Is Still Unknown
Selank is a tuftsin-derived heptapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its sequence, the rodent and human studies on record, and the gaps in the literature.
LL-37: Structure and Mechanism of the Human Cathelicidin
LL-37 explained: the 37 residue cathelicidin from hCAP18, its amphipathic alpha-helix, transmembrane pore formation, and its context-dependent activity.
KPV Peptide: Structure, PepT1 Transport and Cellular Signalling
KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH. PepT1 transport, NF-kappaB and MAP kinase effects, keratinocyte calcium signalling and MC1R-independent action.
MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Encoded in the 12S rRNA
MOTS-c is a 16 amino acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. Origin, folate cycle and AMPK mechanism, CK2 binding, nuclear translocation and...
Cagrilintide: Amylin Analogue Receptor Pharmacology
Cagrilintide is a lipidated, long-acting amylin analogue (AM833). What the literature reports about its calcitonin-family receptors, stability and pharmacokinetics.
Five Research Peptides Compared: Structure and Mechanism
CJC-1295, Ipamorelin, BPC-157, MK-677 and IGF-1 LR3 compared: what each molecule is, the receptor or pathway it touches, and what the primary...
CJC-1295 (DAC, No DAC, and Modified GRF 1-29): A Research Overview
What separates CJC-1295 with DAC, without DAC, and Modified GRF (1-29): receptor, DPP-IV stability, albumin binding, and half-life, from the primary literature.
PEG-MGF: The IGF-1 Splice Variant and What PEGylation Does
PEG-MGF is a PEGylated 24 residue peptide from the IGF-1Eb precursor. What the splice variant papers show, and why the 2002 cell...
GHRP-2: Sequence, Receptor and What the Research Shows
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide agonist of GHS-R1a. A grounded look at its sequence, receptor pharmacology and the primary studies.
GHRP-6: Structure, Receptor, and Research Findings
GHRP-6 explained: its six residue sequence, the GHS-R1a receptor it acts on, human pharmacokinetics, and how it compares to CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin.
GHK-Cu: A Copper Peptide Research Overview
GHK-Cu explained from the primary literature: the glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex, how it binds copper, and what early fibroblast studies measured.
NAD+: The Cellular Coenzyme in Laboratory Research
NAD+ is both a redox coenzyme and a consumable co-substrate for sirtuins and PARPs. Its structure, the salvage pathway, and what aging...
PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Melanocortin Receptor Pharmacology
PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic heptapeptide alpha-MSH analogue. The receptor family, its melanotan II origins, and how the peptide is verified.
Fragment 176-191: Structure and Research Overview
Fragment 176-191 explained: the C-terminal residues 176 to 191 of human growth hormone, how it relates to the parent protein, and what...
TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: A Research Overview
TB-500 is a synthetic form of thymosin beta-4, an actin-sequestering peptide. A grounded look at its mechanism and the primary animal and...
DSIP: What the Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Literature Actually Shows
DSIP is a nine amino acid peptide isolated from rabbits in 1977. What the literature confirms about its sequence, stability, membrane transport...
Oxytocin: Nonapeptide Structure and Receptor Pharmacology
Oxytocin is a nine amino acid neuropeptide acting through a Gq-coupled receptor that depends on cholesterol. Structure, receptor biology and key animal...
Triptorelin: GnRH Superagonist Receptor Pharmacology
Triptorelin is a GnRH decapeptide with D-Trp at position 6. How it binds the GnRH receptor, why continuous exposure desensitizes it, and...
Epitalon (AEDG): Telomerase and Chromatin Studies
Epitalon is the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. What the telomerase culture work, the SHR mouse study and the chromatin papers actually measured.
Melanotan 2 (MT-II): Cyclic Peptide Structure and Melanocortin Receptor Pharmacology
Melanotan 2 is a lactam-bridged cyclic analogue of alpha-MSH. Structure, melanocortin receptor selectivity, melanogenesis signalling and LC-MS/MS detection.
Natural vs Synthetic Peptides: Understanding the Differences
Natural vs synthetic peptides compared: where each comes from, how solid-phase synthesis and native chemical ligation work, and the purity trade-offs that...
The Most Popular Peptides in Research
A look at the peptide classes that dominate research: antimicrobial peptides, cell-penetrating peptides, GLP-1 analogues and copper peptides, from the literature.
Tirzepatide: Receptor Pharmacology and Laboratory Research
Explore tirzepatide receptor pharmacology, molecular properties, and laboratory measurements, with a focus on model-specific evidence and study limits.
Sermorelin: A Research Overview of GRF (1-29)
Sermorelin is GRF(1-29), the shortest fragment with full GHRH activity. Its receptor, cAMP signaling, DPP-IV clearance, and what the primary studies measured.
Semaglutide: Structure, Albumin Binding and Receptor Pharmacology
Semaglutide's two amino acid substitutions, lysine 26 acylation, 0.38 nM receptor affinity, mini-pig half-life, cryo-EM structure and how tirzepatide differs.
Every batch, tested and published
Each lot is checked by a U.S.-based third-party laboratory for identity and purity before it ships. Look up the certificate for any vial by batch number.